中(zhong)(zhong)國銅(tong)(tong)雕(diao)發源(yuan)于黃(huang)河流域(yu)，至少可上溯(su)到公元前3000年左右。中(zhong)(zhong)國銅(tong)(tong)雕(diao)藝(yi)術在(zai)世(shi)界藝(yi)術領域(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)獨具特色，尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)商(shang)周(zhou)銅(tong)(tong)雕(diao)，以其(qi)雄偉的造型、古樸的紋飾、豐富的銘文(wen)著稱于世(shi)。中(zhong)(zhong)國各地和(he)世(shi)界各國的重要博物館都收藏有中(zhong)(zhong)國商(shang)周(zhou)和(he)春秋時期的銅(tong)(tong)雕(diao)。歷代銅(tong)(tong)雕(diao)只有少數是(shi)(shi)古代流傳下(xia)來的，絕大(da)多數是(shi)(shi)地下(xia)發掘(jue)出土的。銅(tong)(tong)雕(diao)的種類有哪些呢？

一、從造型上來說，銅雕塑主要分為人物佛像、動物銅雕、銅佛像。

二、從材質上來說(shuo)，銅(tong)(tong)雕(diao)塑(su)主要分為(wei)黃銅(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)、紫銅(tong)(tong)、精銅(tong)(tong)。

三、從用(yong)途工(gong)藝上來說，銅(tong)雕(diao)塑主要分為器(qi)皿(min)用(yong)具和掐絲琺瑯。

四、按銅雕時代劃分

    每個時(shi)代的銅(tong)雕器形、銘(ming)文和紋飾特(te)征不同(tong)。按年代可以分為(wei)夏(xia)代、商代早中期、殷墟時(shi)期、西周、春秋、戰國、秦漢、魏晉南北(bei)朝、隋(sui)唐、宋元明(ming)清(qing)銅(tong)雕10大類。

五、按銅雕門類劃分

    銅(tong)雕制造成本高，留下來的(de)少，是文物收藏品中的(de)一(yi)個重要的(de)門類，通常分為(wei)兵器(qi)、飪食器(qi)、工具(ju)、水器(qi)、樂器(qi)、酒器(qi)、雜器(qi)等(deng)七(qi)大門類。

1.銅雕兵器

    銅雕兵器(qi)有(you)戈(ge)、矛、戟、鉞、刀、劍、鈹、殳、匕首(shou)、弩(nu)機(ji)、矢(shi)鏃、胄、甲、盾等。現在出(chu)土的春秋時期越王勾踐(jian)劍制作(zuo)精美，完好無(wu)損(sun)，鋒刃(ren)依然銳利(li)無(wu)比(bi)。

2.銅雕飪食器具

    飪(ren)食器中最(zui)(zui)主要的是鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，商周(zhou)時多(duo)用于(yu)(yu)烹煮魚肉、祭祀或宴饗盛放食品。鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)始鑄于(yu)(yu)夏代，鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)有方鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)、圓鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)、分檔鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)、扁足鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)、導形鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)等。迄今發現最(zui)(zui)大的銅雕鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，是陜西(xi)淳化出土(tu)的牛首獸(shou)面紋鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，高(gao)122厘(li)米，口徑83厘(li)米，重(zhong)達(da)264公斤。鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的生產應用一直沿至(zhi)西(xi)漢，乃至(zhi)魏晉。

3.銅雕工具

    銅(tong)雕(diao)工(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)包括兩類，一類是農具(ju)(ju)(ju)，一類是生產工(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)。農具(ju)(ju)(ju)主要有耒(lei)、鏟、鍤、鋤、镢、鐮等(deng)。生產工(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)主要是斧、錛、斤(jin)、鑿、鋸等(deng)。

4.銅雕水器

    銅雕(diao)水(shui)(shui)器用(yong)于盥洗，大致可分為承(cheng)水(shui)(shui)器盤、注(zhu)水(shui)(shui)器和盛水(shui)(shui)器，以及碗、釜、盆、缶等。商周時期宴(yan)饗(xiang)前后(hou)要(yao)行活盥之禮。西周宣王時期的虢季子白盤是以銘(ming)文而聞名的銅雕(diao)盤，有110字，頗為罕見。

5.銅雕樂器

    銅雕樂器有鐘、鐃(nao)、鉦、鐸(duo)、鈴、鼓等(deng)。山東出(chu)土的編鐘制作精(jing)良(liang)，凝重(zhong)豪華。

6.銅雕酒器

    銅(tong)雕酒(jiu)器(qi)主要有(you)飲酒(jiu)器(qi)爵(jue)(jue)、角、觶、觚，盛酒(jiu)器(qi)尊、卣、壺、方彝、壘(lei)、勺等(deng)，尤以(yi)爵(jue)(jue)名(ming)氣最(zui)大。爵(jue)(jue)有(you)扁形(xing)(xing)、圓形(xing)(xing)、方形(xing)(xing)、釘形(xing)(xing)、傘形(xing)(xing)或蟠龍、蟠蛇等(deng)形(xing)(xing)。

7.銅雕雜器

    銅雕雜器包括生(sheng)活用(yong)具、車馬(ma)(ma)器、度量衡(heng)器等。生(sheng)活用(yong)具主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)帶鉤、鏡、洗、樽(zun)、燎(liao)爐、炭箕、熨斗等。車馬(ma)(ma)器主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)轄、車、軸(zhou)飾、轂飾、轅首飾、衡(heng)飾、鑾鈴、銜、鑣、軛飾、當盧、馬(ma)(ma)冠等。度量衡(heng)器主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)尺(chi)、量、衡(heng)權等。

    中國的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雕最早是以紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍛打(da)(da)的(de)，稍后，出(chu)現了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雕鑄造(zao)(zao)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)。夏代銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雕種(zhong)類尚少(shao)，器(qi)型小而單薄，紋飾亦較為少(shao)見。商(shang)代的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雕已很發達。到了東周至春(chun)秋時(shi)期，隨著(zhu)王(wang)室(shi)衰微，諸(zhu)侯崛起(qi)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雕的(de)鑄造(zao)(zao)不再是王(wang)室(shi)的(de)“專利”，各(ge)諸(zhu)侯國競相鑄器(qi)，相繼出(chu)現鑄造(zao)(zao)、打(da)(da)制、鑄接、焊接、鎏金、嵌金銀等(deng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雕工(gong)藝(yi)。

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